The guidance in Section 1 applies to buildings other than dwellings and their environs.
The guidance in Section 1 also applies to the common areas of apartment blocks and their environs.
Additional guidance on certain elements and features of existing buildings of the above mentioned types is given in Section 2.
Guidance for dwellings and the common areas of duplex buildings is given in Section 3.
Section 1.1 Approach to buildings other than dwellings
1.1.1 Objective
The objective is to provide independently accessible means of approach to the accessible entrance(s) of a building and means of circulation around a building.
1.1.2 Introduction
The approach route(s) to the accessible entrance(s) of a building are the routes from:
(a) the adjacent road or the entrance point at the boundary of the site, and
(b) any designated car-parking spaces for people with disabilities and/or setting down areas.
The circulation routes around a building are the routes:
(c) between the accessible entrance(s) and any other subsidiary entrances and buildings, where external circulation is required between them;
(d) to and from facilities associated with the building and within the complex; and
(e) from the building exits to assembly points or to the boundary of the site.
The building should be designed within the overall constraints of space, so that the difference in level between the entrance storey and the site entry point, any designated car-parking spaces, any setting down areas, other subsidiary
entrances/ buildings, any associated facilities or assembly points is minimised.
The approach and circulation routes as defined in 1.1.1 should be designed and constructed as access routes in accordance with 1.1.3.
Level access routes accommodate the widest range of abilities and should be provided. For the purpose of this guidance a gradient of 1:50 or less steep is considered to be level. Changes in level are difficult for many people to
negotiate (e.g. wheelchair users, people using walking aids, pushing buggies, people with vision impairment) and should be avoided.
Where it is not possible to provide a level access route, a gently sloped access route should be provided. The gradient of a gently sloped approach should be as shallow as possible. For the purpose of this guidance a gradient steeper than 1:50 (but less steep than 1:20) is considered to be gently sloped. Access routes of 1:20 or less steep are preferred.
Where it is not possible to provide a gently sloped access route, a ramped access route should be provided. For the purpose of this guidance a gradient of 1:20 or steeper is considered to be a ramp.
Where the ramp has a rise greater than 300 mm (equivalent to 2 x 150 mm steps), a stepped access route should be provided in addition to a ramped access route. Some people find it easier to use a flight of steps rather than to travel on a
ramp e.g. people with mobility difficulties who use certain walking aids; older people, people with vision impairment.
Alternatively, a platform lift may be provided where site specific constraints require it (in addition to a ramped or stepped access route) conforming to BS 6440:19993.
It is important to restrict the number of barriers, restrictions or other hazards that people encounter on an access route. Guidance on hazard protection is given in 1.1.3.
Where pedestrian crossings are provided along access routes they should be designed and constructed in accordance with the guidance given in 1.1.4.
Where car-parking is provided on site, designated car-parking spaces (exclusively for the use of holders of a disabled person’s parking permit) should be provided on a proportional basis. The level of provision, design and construction of designated car-parking spaces should be in accordance with the guidance given in 1.1.5.
Where there is a road on site leading to the building, there should be a setting down area provided at or adjacent to at least one accessible entrance. This facilitates a person arriving at a building as a passenger in a vehicle, to alight from the vehicle and enter the building safely and conveniently. Where setting down areas are provided, they should be designed and constructed in accordance with the guidance given in 1.1.6.
1.1.3 Access routes
1.1.3.1 General
The following guidance applies to all access routes, whether level, gently sloped, ramped or stepped. Additional specific guidance on the above four types of access route is given in 1.1.3.2 to 1.1.3.5.
Where an access route is provided:
(a) projecting features, which may present hazards, should be avoided to reduce the risks to people with vision impairment. However, if they are unavoidable hazard protection should be provided if objects project more than 100 mm into an access route and their lower front edge is more than 300 mm above the ground. A window or door in general use should not open out onto these routes, within a height of 2100 mm above floor or ground level. Where such hazards are unavoidable, the area should be protected by guarding, planting or other suitable barrier incorporating low level cane detection (refer to Diagrams 1 and 2);
(b) the minimum headroom provided should be 2100 mm. The underside of stairs, ramps or similar features that restrict headroom below this level should be enclosed.
Rationale: This reduces the risk to people especially those with vision impairment from colliding with the edge of these features;
(c) tapping rails or low level kerbs should be avoided beneath freestanding stairs as they can be a tripping hazard;
(d) street furniture, such as lighting columns, signposts, litter bins, seats, etc, should be located at or beyond the boundaries of the access route;
(e) low level posts e.g. bollards should not be located within an access route. Wherever bollards are provided they should contrast visually with their background (refer to 1.6.4) and should be at least 1000 mm high. Bollards should not be linked with chains.
Rationale: These can be hazardous to people with vision impairment;
(f) the danger of inadvertently walking into a vehicular route should be minimised by providing a separate pedestrian route.
Otherwise, tactile paving should be used to provide warning and guidance for people with vision impairment (refer to 1.1.4);
Diagram 1 Avoiding hazards on access routes
Diagram 2 Hazard protection on access routes
(g) the access route should be clearly identifiable and well lit. Where this is provided by artificial light it should achieve a minimum luminance of 20 lux on level and gently sloped access routes, with a minimum luminance of 100 lux on ramps or steps, measured at ramp, tread and landing level. Signage should be provided where necessary (refer to 1.6.3);
(h) drainage gratings should be positioned beyond the boundaries of the access route. Where this is not feasible they should be flush with the surrounding surface.
Rationale: It is important to minimise the risk of trapping canes or wheelchair wheels;
(i) dished channels should not be incorporated within an access route
Rationale: They increase the risk of tripping;
(j) the surface should be firm, reasonably smooth and durable. Materials such as loose pebbles should not be used;
(k) the surface should be slip resistant, especially when wet. Guidance on slip resistance is given in BS 8300:2009 Annex E;
(l) the frictional characteristics of the surface materials used along the access route should be similar to prevent tripping and falling at interfaces between different materials.
1.1.3.2 Level access routes
The following guidance applies to all level access routes in addition to the general
guidance in 1.1.3.1. For the purpose of this guidance, a gradient of 1:50 or less steep is considered to be level. Where the gradient of the access route is 1:50 or less steep, it is acceptable for a cross-fall gradient of not steeper than 1:40 to be provided to ensure effective surface drainage.
Where a level access route is provided:
(a) the minimum clear width (between walls, upstands or kerbs) should be 1500 mm;
(b) passing places for wheelchair users should be provided. They should be 2000 mm long and 1800 mm wide (inclusive of the width of access route) and located within direct sight of another passing place, or at a maximum spacing of 25 m from each other whichever is closer. Passing places are not required if the access route is a minimum width of 1800 mm.
Rationale: An 1800 mm wide access route can accommodate nonvehicular traffic without the need for passing places as it allows two wheelchair users to pass one
another.
1.1.3.3 Gently sloped access routes The following guidance applies to gently sloped access routes in addition to the general guidance in 1.1.3.1 above.
For the purpose of this guidance, a gradient steeper than 1:50 (but less steep than 1:20) is considered to be gently sloped.
Where a gently sloped access route is provided:
(a) the minimum clear width (between walls, upstands or kerbs) should be 1500 mm;
(b) passing places for wheelchair users should be provided. They should be 2000 mm long and 1800 mm wide (inclusive of the width of access route) and located within direct sight of another passing place, or at a maximum spacing of 25 m from another, whichever is closer. Passing places are not required if the access route is a minimum width of 1800 mm or if the access route is less than 25 m long.
Rationale: An 1800 mm wide access route can accommodate nonvehicular traffic without the need for passing places as it allows two wheelchairs users to pass one another;
(c) where the gradient or part of the gradient is steeper than 1:50 and less steep than 1:20, level landings should be provided at each rise of 500 mm;
(d) a landing should be provided at the top and bottom of the slope. The top and bottom landings should be at least 1800 mm wide and 1800 mm long and be clear of any door swings or other obstructions;
(e) intermediate landings should be at least 1500 mm long and clear of any door swings or other obstructions. Intermediate landings should be at least 1800 mm wide and 1800 mm long to act as passing places when it is not possible for a wheelchair user to see from one end of the slope to the other or the slope has three flights or more;
(f) the landings should be level. A level landing is considered to include gradients of 1:50 or less steep.
1.1.3.4 Ramped access routes
The following guidance applies to ramped access routes in addition to the general guidance in 1.1.3.1 above. For the purpose of this guidance, a gradient of 1:20 or steeper is considered to be a ramp. Ramped access routes should be designed to have the shallowest gradient practical. The preferred maximum gradient is 1:20 but where site specific constraints require it, ramps not steeper than 1:12 may be provided if individual flights are not longer than 2000 mm.
If the gradient is too steep or an individual flight too long, a person using or pushing a wheelchair may not have sufficient strength to travel up the ramp. There is also the danger of falling forwards going downhill or backwards when going uphill if the gradient is too steep. To ensure adequate control and braking power, the ramp gradients are limited to those in Table 1 and Diagram 3.
Where a ramped access route is provided:
(a) the minimum clear width (between walls, upstands or kerbs) should be 1500 mm;
(b) level landings should be provided between ramp flights (as designed in accordance with Table 1 and Diagram 3) or wherever a change in direction occurs. A level landing is considered to include gradients of 1:50 or less steep;
(c) a level landing should be provided at the top and bottom of the ramp. The top and bottom landings should be at least 1800 mm long x 1800 mm wide and clear of any door swings or other obstructions;
(d) intermediate landings should be at least 1500 mm long and clear of any door swings or other obstructions. Intermediate landings should be at least 1800 mm wide and 1800 mm long to act as passing places when it is not possible for a wheelchair user to see from one end of the ramp to the other or the ramp has three flights or more;
(e) the minimum unobstructed width between handrails should be not less than 1200 mm. Handrails, in accordance with 1.1.3.6 should be provided on both sides.
Rationale: People with restricted mobility may be weaker on one side and therefore a handrail on each side of the flight is essential for support when ascending and descending ramps;
(f) edge protection in the form of a 100 mm high (minimum) upstand should be provided on the open side of any ramp or landing. It should contrast visually with the surface of the ramp and landing (refer to 1.6.4). Reference should be made to Part K/ TGD K where additional guarding may be required in some circumstances;
(g) the ramped access route may form part of a wider ramped area. The intended ramped access route(s) should be clearly identified and signposted where necessary (refer to 1.6.3). Additional handrails should be used to divide any intended ramped access route into channels of unobstructed width not less than 1200 mm and not greater than 2500 mm.
Rationale: This permits a person with less strength on one side to be within easy reach of support;
(h) a stepped access route should be provided in addition to a ramped access route where the rise of the ramp is greater than 300 mm (equivalent to 2 x 150 mm steps).
Rationale: Some people find it easier to use a flight of steps rather than to travel on a ramp e.g. people with mobility difficulties who use certain walking-aids, older people, people with vision impairment;
(i) an alternative means of access for wheelchair users should be provided e.g. a platform lift, where the ramp is 1:20 or greater and the total rise of the ramp is greater than 2000 mm. A platform lift should conform to BS 6440:19993.
Rationale: Ramps simply become too tiring for wheelchair users beyond this height.
Table 1 Limits for ramp gradients and lengths
Diagram 3 Relationship between ramp gradient and the maximum going of a flight
1.1.3.5 Stepped access routes
Functional requirements and guidance on compliance, for stairs are given in various Parts of the Building Regulations namely Part B for escape, Part K for stairs in general and Part M for stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people. Designers should be aware of the function of the stairs they are designing and refer to the appropriate Part and accompanying TGD.
The following guidance applies to all stepped access routes in addition to the general guidance in 1.1.3.1. Where a stepped access route is provided:
(a) the minimum clear width (between enclosing walls, strings or upstands) should be 1200 mm;
(b) a landing should be provided at the top and bottom of each flight;
(c) the landings should be level and have an unobstructed length (clear of any door or gate swing) of at least 1200 mm;
(d) tactile hazard warning surfaces should be incorporated at both the top and bottom landings. A corduroy tactile warning surface should be provided in accordance with Diagrams 4a and 4b.
Rationale: People with vision impairment risk tripping or losing their balance if there is no warning that steps provide a change in level. The greatest risk lies at the top of a flight of stairs when a person is descending;
(e) an intermediate landing with side access should have a tactile hazard warning surface 400 mm deep on the landing 400 mm from both upper and lower flights (if there is sufficient space to accommodate the surface outside the line of the side access).
Where space is insufficient to accommodate the above, a tactile warning surface 400 mm deep should be provided, within the side access 400 mm from the intermediate landing so long as there is a continuous handrail opposite the side access;
(f) there should be no single steps;
(g) the rise of a flight between landings should not exceed 1500 mm. However a single flight containing 18 risers or less is acceptable if the going is 350 mm or greater.
Rationale: A greater going allows people with mobility difficulties or vision impairment to place their feet square on a step. It also allows a person to stand and rest at any point within a flight and thus the flight can be extended to greater heights;
(h) all step nosings should incorporate a permanently contrasting continuous material on the tread. The material should be between 50 mm and 65 mm wide on the tread and should contrast visually with the remainder of the tread (refer to 1.6.4).
Rationale: This will help people with vision impairment appreciate the extent of the stair and identify the individual treads;
(i) projecting or overhanging step nosings should be avoided
Rationale: Projecting step nosings can cause people to trip or catch their feet. Refer to Diagram 5 for acceptable tread and riser profiles;
(j) the rise and going of each step should be consistent throughout a flight;
(k) the rise of each step should be between 150 mm and 180 mm.
Rationale: Excessively high risers may result in strain being placed on knee and/or hip joints when descending and should thus be avoided;
(l) the going of each step should be between 300 mm and 450 mm.
Rationale: For people with mobility difficulties, a going of at least 300 mm is preferred. A larger going helps avoid accidents on a stair particularly on descent, as it allows a person to place more of their foot on the step;
(m) tapered treads and open risers should not be used.
Rationale: They create a sense of insecurity for people with vision impairment;
(n) there should be a continuous handrail on each side of flights and landings in accordance with 1.1.3.6. The minimum unobstructed width between handrails should be not less than 1000 mm.
(o) the stepped access route may form part of a wider stepped area. The intended stepped access route(s) should be clearly identified and signposted where necessary (refer to 1.6.3). Additional handrails should be used to divide any intended stepped access route into channels of unobstructed width not less than 1000 mm and not greater than 2000 mm.
Rationale: This permits a person with less strength on one side to be within easy reach of support;
(p) the surface of the treads should be slip resistant, especially when wet. Guidance on slip resistance is given in BS 8300:2009 Annex E.
Diagram 4a Stepped Access – Key dimensions and use of hazard warning
surface
Diagram 4b Corduroy profile (for use with stepped access only)
Diagram 5 Examples of step profiles and key dimensions for stepped access routes
Diagram 6 External steps and stairs – Key dimensions
1.1.3.6 Handrails
General guidance on handrails and guarding is given in TGD K, but the guidance that follows applies to handrails on accessible access routes.
Where handrails are provided on a ramped or stepped access route:
(a) the vertical height to the top of the upper handrail from the pitch line of the surface of a flight should be between 900 mm and 1000 mm and from the surface of a landing should be between 900 mm and 1100 mm (refer to Diagram 6). Where a second handrail on stairs is provided for children or those of short stature the vertical height to the top of a second lower handrail from the pitch line of the surface of a flight should be between 600 mm and 700 mm;
(b) where there are two or more flights separated by a landing or landings, the handrails should be continuous across flights and landings, except where broken by side access routes on landings;
(c) where the handrail is not continuous the handrail should extend at least 300 mm beyond the top and bottom of a ramped approach and the top and bottom risers of a stepped approach, and terminate in a closed end which does not project into a route of travel. Handrails should be terminated in such a way that reduces the risk of clothing being caught;
(d) the background against which the handrails are seen should contrast visually without being highly reflective (refer to 1.6.4);
(e) the profile should be either circular with diameter of between 40 mm to 50 mm or oval with a width of 50 mm (refer to Diagram 7);
(f) handrails should not protrude more than 100 mm into the surface width of the access route where this would impinge on the stair width requirement of TGD B – Methods of Measurement;
(g) there should be a clearance of at least 50 mm to 60 mm between the handrail and any adjacent wall surface (refer to Diagram 7);
(h) there should be a clearance of at least 50 mm between a cranked support and the underside of the handrail (refer to Diagram 7). The handrail support should meet the handrail centrally on its underside.
Rationale: This will minimise the risk of the handrail supports interrupting the smooth running of a person’s hand along the rail;
(i) the handrails inner face should be located no more than 50 mm beyond the surface width of the access route (refer to Diagram 7);
(j) handrail fixings should be designed to meet the loading recommendations of I.S. EN 1991-1- 1:2002.
Diagram 7 Handrail design
1.1.4 Pedestrian crossings
Where pedestrian crossings are provided, tactile paving and dropped kerbs should be provided at controlled and uncontrolled pedestrian crossings in accordance with ‘Good Practice Guidelines on Accessibility of Streetscapes’.
1.1.5 On–site car parking
For the purposes of this section, designated car parking spaces are those spaces exclusively provided for the holders of a disabled person’s parking permit.
Where on-site car parking is provided, whether for residents, employees, visitors or others, a number of designated car parking spaces should be provided, on a proportional basis.
In the absence of a specific number of designated spaces being required by a Local Authority through Development Plans or as a condition of planning, the following guidance applies.
For buildings (including apartment buildings), at least 5% of the total number of spaces should be designated car parking spaces, with a minimum provision of at least one such space. Further guidance on the provision of designated car parking spaces is given in BS 8300:2009 and Sustainable Urban Housing: Design Standards for New Apartments - Guidelines for Planning Authorities.
Where designated parking is provided either outside or within a building:
(a) it should be easily located. If necessary signage should be provided, (refer to 1.6.3), at the entrance to each car park and at each change in direction to direct motorists to designated spaces;
(b) ticketing machines, access routes to buildings or other services such as lifts, etc; should be easily located. Clear signage should be provided, where necessary, to direct people (refer to 1.6.3);
(c) it should be possible for all motorists to activate car park control barriers. Ticket, swipe card or key activated controls can be difficult to reach and manipulate by some drivers (Refer to BS 8300:2009 for further guidance). Barrier control systems should conform to BS 6571- 4:1989;
(d) the minimum dimensions of the designated parking bays should be in accordance with Diagrams 8 and 9;
(e) A 1200 mm wide access zone should be provided on both sides and at the rear of each designated parking bay. The access zone at the rear of the parking bay should be clear of vehicular circulation routes. The access zone should contrast visually with the adjoining surfaces to ensure it is kept clear (refer to 1.6.4).
Rationale: This provides sufficient space to enter and leave the vehicle and move to the rear of the vehicle and should safely lead to an access route;
(f) a minimum clear vertical clearance of 2600 mm (on level ground) should be provided to allow the passage of high top conversion vehicles. This should be maintained along the route to and from the designated car parking bays from the site boundary. Alternatively, drivers should be warned about the height restrictions and directed to alternative parking spaces or a setting down area suitable to accommodate high top conversion vehicles;
(g) all designated parking bays should be clearly marked on the ground with the symbol of access and, if necessary further signage should be provided (refer to 1.6.3);
(h) the designated parking bay should be on firm, level4 ground and be the parking bay(s) located closest to the accessible entrance(s) with which the provision of parking spaces is associated;
(i) the surface of the access zone should be firm, level4, durable, reasonably smooth and slip resistant. Materials such as loose pebbles should not be used;
(j) dropped kerbs should be provided in accordance with 1.1.4 to facilitate easy transfer from the designated parking bay(s) to the access routes without undue effort or barrier;
(k) ticket machines, where used, should be situated adjacent to the designated parking bays and at least one machine should have controls between 750 mm and 1200 mm above ground. The supporting plinth should not project in front of the face of the machine in a way that prevents its convenient use. There should be a clear space of 1850 mm deep x 2100 mm long in front of the machine to allow adequate space for a wheelchair user to approach, manoeuvre side on to the machine, turn and return to the vehicle. For further guidance on the accessibility of ticket machines refer to the NDA publication ‘Guidelines for Public Access Terminals’.
Diagram 8 Access around designated on-site perpendicular parking bay
Diagram 9 Example of a designated on-site parallel parking bay
1.1.6 On–site setting down areas
Where there is a road on site leading to the building, there should be a setting down area provided at, or adjacent to, at least, one accessible entrance. This facilitates a person arriving at a building as a passenger in a vehicle, to alight from the vehicle and enter the building safely and conveniently.
Where a setting down area is provided:
(a) it should be easily located. If necessary signage should be provided, (refer to 1.6.3);
(b) it should be located on firm and level4 ground as close as practicable to the accessible entrance(s) and should not form an obstruction to through traffic;
(c) an access route in accordance with 1.1.3 should lead from the setting down area to an accessible entrance;
(d) the surface of the access route alongside the setting down area should be level4 with the carriageway at that point to facilitate wheelchair users. Otherwise dropped kerbs should be provided.
Section 1.2 Access to buildings other than dwellings
1.2.1 Objective
The objective is to provide entrances to buildings that are independently accessible and to avoid segregation based on a person’s level of ability.
1.2.2 Introduction
All of the following entrances should be accessible:
(a) the main entrance which a visitor not familiar with the building would normally expect to approach;
(b) the entrance closest to the designated parking area, and
(c) the entrance closest to the setting down area.
Subsidiary external entrances that should also be accessible include:
(d) any main entrance to a unique functional area or facility of a building e.g. in multi-occupancy buildings (retail, office, residential areas, etc), or multi-functional buildings (hospitals with separate entrances for reception, A&E, outpatients, etc);
(e) any entrance used exclusively by staff, and
(f) building exits to assembly points or to the boundary of the site.
Where main entrances are accessible to all they promote a spirit of inclusion that segregated accessible entrances do not. In certain exceptional situations it may not be practicable for each of the entrance(s) above to be accessible, due to steeply sloped or restricted sites or planning requirements. Therefore, in such circumstances only, an alternative accessible entrance or entrances may be provided.
1.2.3 Accessible entrances
Accessible entrances should facilitate the widest possible range of abilities. Approaches to accessible entrances should comply with Section 1.1.
The route from an alternative accessible entrance should lead directly, via an accessible internal route conforming to Section 1.3, to the spaces served by the corresponding main entrances.
Likewise, entrances close to the designated parking area and setting down area, (b) and (c) above, should connect to the main entrance reception area (or equivalent), via an accessible internal route conforming to Section 1.3. Main entrances and subsidiary entrances should be clearly identifiable. Signage should be provided where necessary (refer to 1.6.3).
Where an accessible entrance is provided:
(a) it should be easily identified among the other elements of the building under all lighting conditions, shadow or strong sunlight e.g. by lighting and/or visual contrast (refer to 1.6.4). Glare and reflection from lighting or materials should be avoided as it is confusing for those with vision impairment (refer to 1.6.5);
(b) a level landing at least 1800 mm x 1800 mm clear of any door or gate swing should be provided immediately in front of the entrance;
(c) the surface of the landing should not impede the movement of
wheelchairs or other mobility aids;
(d) the threshold should be level, i.e. with a maximum threshold height of 15 mm with exposed edges chamfered or pencil rounded.
Rationale: Level thresholds do not create a trip hazard or barrier to people using wheelchairs or other mobility aids;
(e) any door entry system should be accessible to people with a wide range of abilities. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of people with hearing, vision, speech or mobility impairment including wheelchair users. Refer to the NDA publication ‘Guidelines for Public Access Terminals Accessibility’;
(f) any structural supports at the entrance should not present a hazard for people with vision impairment;
(g) internal floor surfaces adjacent to the threshold should not impede the movement of wheelchairs or other mobility aids;
(h) changes in floor materials adjacent to threshold should not create a potential trip hazard, and
(i) where mat wells are provided, the surface of the mat should be level with the surface of the adjacent floor finish and the material should be firm.
Rationale: This will prevent wheels from sinking into the surface which causes difficulty for a person using a wheelchair or mobility aid to manoeuvre.
1.2.4 Accessible entrance doors
Manually operated external doors, with a self-closing device, can pose difficulties for people with a wide range of abilities, including children. It is extremely difficult for people with limited upper body strength, with assistance dogs, walking aids or wheelchairs, to open and manoeuvre through this type of door as it requires an opening force greater than the resistance force of the self-closing device itself plus any extra resistance exerted by weather seals and/or wind pressure. This may result in people being unable to continue their journey independently.
If the force required for opening doors is too great or its speed of closing is too fast, people with disabilities risk being pushed off balance. Any self-closing hinged (single swing) or pivoted (single or double swing) entrance doors should have controlled closing devices and allow independent use by people with disabilities. Guidance is given in 1.2.4.2 on accessible manual doors.
Where it is not possible for a controlled closing device to close an entrance door and keep it closed against external conditions without exceeding the opening force set out in 1.2.4.2 (a), one of the following should be used:
(i) a power-operated door – sliding, folding, balanced or swing (refer to 1.2.4.3);
(ii) a low energy swing door (refer to 1.2.4.4);
(iii) a lobby or air lock system of inner and outer doors (refer to 1.2.5).
Powered door opening and closing systems are accessible to a very wide range of people as they require little, if any, strength to open. Powered sliding doors, either manually controlled or automatically operated by sensors, are the preferred type of accessible entrance door.
In general, revolving doors are not considered accessible and present particular difficulties and risk injury for people with vision impairment, assistance dogs, mobility difficulties, elderly people and for parents with small children or buggies.
Where a revolving door is used, a complementary accessible door should be provided immediately adjacent to the revolving door and be available for use at all times. The accessible door may be a swing, sliding or folding door, and be automatic, manual or power-operated and should be clearly identifiable. Doors that provide high levels of accessibility may not always be suitable as escape doors.
Where an accessible entrance door also forms part of an escape route reference should be made to the guidance in TGD B (refer to section dealing with General Provisions for Means of Escape), on doors across escape routes, including automatic doors, to ensure compliance with Part B. Where an accessible entrance door is provided:
(a) it should have an effective clear width (refer to Diagram 10) through a single door or at least one leaf of a double door as set out in Table 2 below;
(b) door handles should be located at a height of between 800 mm and 1050 mm (900 mm preferred) above finished floor level.
Where a pull handle is provided the available grip zone of the pull handle should be between 700 mm (min) to 1000 mm (max) above finished floor level. The top end of the pull handle should be 1300 mm (min) above floor level;
(c) where possible, unless for reasons of security, entrance and lobby door leaves and side panels wider than 450 mm should have vision panels towards the leading edge of the door. The minimum vertical zone of visibility should be between 500 mm and 1500 mm from the floor. If a door has multiple viewing panels, the minimum zone of visibility should not be interrupted by opaque areas that obstruct more than 350 mm of the vertical height of the zone.
Rationale: This allows people to see another person approaching the door in the other direction in time to avoid a collision. The extent of the visibility zone facilitates people of all heights or those using a wheelchair. Refer to Diagram 10 for more details;
(d) it can be a manual or power operated door in accordance with 1.2.4.1 to 1.2.4.4 respectively.
Table 2 Minimum effective clear widths of doors
Diagram 10 Effective clear width and visibility requirements of doors
1.2.4.1 Accessible glass doors Where the external door leaves (including lobby doors) consist of a frameless glass door or a fully glazed framed door with a
narrow stile the following guidance applies in addition to the general guidance in 1.2.4 above.
Where accessible glass doors are provided:
(a) the door should be clearly defined with permanent manifestation on the glass, within two zones, from 850 mm to 1000 mm and from 1400 mm to 1600 mm above the floor, contrasting visually with the background seen through the glass (from inside and outside) in all lighting conditions (refer to 1.6.5).
The edges of a glass door should also be apparent when the door is open (refer to 1.6.4) ;
(b) if the manifestation takes the form of a logo or sign, it should be at least 150 mm high (repeated if on a glazed screen) or at least 50 mm high if it takes the form of a decorative feature such as broken lines or continuous bands;
(c) if a glass door is adjacent to, or is incorporated within, a fully glazed wall or glazed screen, the door and wall or screen should be clearly differentiated from one another, with the door being more prominent e.g. the door may be framed on both sides and on the top by an opaque high-contrast strip at least 25 mm wide.
Rationale: This ensures that people with vision impairment can clearly identify the location of the door;
(d) the door, where it is capable of being held open, should be protected by guarding to prevent the leading edge constituting a hazard.
Further guidance on the design of glazed doors is given in BS 6262:2005.
1.2.4.2 Accessible manual doors
The following guidance applies to accessible manual doors in addition to the general guidance in 1.2.4 above.
Where accessible manual doors are provided:
(a) when measured from the leading edge of the door, the opening force should be not more than 30N from 0° (the door in the closed position) to 30° open, and not more than 22.5N from 30° to 60°degrees of the opening cycle5;
(b) there should be an unobstructed space of at least 300 mm between the leading edge of a single leaf door (when it opens towards you) and a return wall, unless the door is opened by remote automatic control Rationale: This enables a person in a wheelchair to reach and grip the door handle, then open the door without releasing hold on the handle and without the footrest colliding with the return wall (refer to Diagram 10);
(c) where fitted with a latch, the door opening furniture should be operable with one hand, without the need to grab and twist (i.e. using a closed fist) e.g. a lever handle.
Rationale: This facilitates people with limited manual dexterity;
(d) all door opening furniture should contrast visually with the surface of the door to assist those with vision impairment (refer to 1.6.4).
1.2.4.3 Accessible power-operated doors
The provision of power-operated doors should be in accordance with BS 7036-
1:1996. The following guidance applies to accessible power-operated doors in
addition to the general guidance in 1.2.4 above.
Accessible power-operated doors may have a sliding, swinging or folding action
controlled by one of the following two types:
(i) Manually by a push pad, coded entry or remote control, or
(ii) Automatically by a motion sensor or other proximity sensor, e.g. a contact mat or hands-free proximity sensor.
Where an accessible power-operated door is provided:
(a) when installed, automatic sensors should be set so that automatically operated doors open early enough and stay open long enough to maintain safe entry and exit. The activation device(s) should be positioned to detect traffic at a suitable distance, taking account of the width, mass and operating speed of the door. Detection by presence and motion sensing devices should be incorporated into all power-operated door installations. Refer to BS 7036- 1:1996;
(b) manual activation controls should be located between 750 mm and 1000 mm above the finished floor level and be operable with a closed fist;
(c) manual activation controls should contrast visually with the surrounding background so they are readily distinguishable by people with vision impairment (refer to 1.6.4);
(d) doors that have a swinging action and open towards the approach should be provided with clearly visible warning signs to warn people of their automatic operation when both opening and closing. Audible warning systems are not
recommended due to the possibility of confusion about the direction of
opening and direction of approach;
(e) control systems should incorporate a safety stop that activates if the door(s) begin to close when a person is passing through;
(f) control systems should revert to manual control or fail safe in the open position in the event of a power failure;
(g) doors should not project into any adjacent access route when open. If this is unavoidable hazard protection should be provided in accordance with 1.1.3.1(a) and Diagram 1.
1.2.4.4 Low energy swing doors A low energy power-operated door operator may be used on swing doors with relatively low levels of pedestrian usage as these doors can either work in manual mode or be set to provide powered opening assistance to users when required, either in push-and-go or power- assisted mode.
The push-and-go power assist should activate when the door is pushed beyond 25 mm. If low energy swing doors are used, safety provisions for the doors should conform to BS 7036-4:1996.
1.2.5 Entrance lobbies
Entrance lobbies serve a number of functions including air infiltration and draught reduction. The presence of an entrance lobby may allow the external door to have a lower powered self-closing device. Where they are provided they should be designed and constructed to ensure that there is sufficient space to enable a person using a wheelchair and an assistant to move clear of one door before opening the other door.
Where an accessible entrance lobby is provided:
(a) the length should be in accordance with Diagram 11 for single swing doors and at least DP1 + DP2 + 1570 mm for double swing doors;
(b) the width (excluding any projections into the space) should be (Greater of DL1 or DL2) + 300 mm, when single leaf doors are used and at least 1800 mm when double leaf doors are used;
(c) areas of full height glazing, glazed curtain walling or glazed screens surrounding a lobby should display the manifestations as required for glass doors in 1.2.4.1;
(d) floor surface materials within the lobby should not impede the movement of wheelchairs or other mobility aids;
(e) changes in floor materials should not create a potential trip hazard;
(f) any columns, ducts or similar full height elements that project into the lobby by more than 100 mm should be protected by a visually contrasting guard rail (refer to 1.6.4);
(g) the floor surface should help remove rainwater from shoes and wheelchairs.
Rationale: This reduces the potential for slipping within the building e.g. by using cleaning mats;
(h) where mat wells are provided, the surface of the mat should be level with the surface of the adjacent floor finish and the material should be firm.
Rationale: This will prevent wheels from sinking into the surface which causes difficulty for a person using a wheelchair or mobility aid to manoeuvre.
Diagram 11 Key dimensions for lobbies with single leaf doors
Section 1.3 Circulation within buildings other than dwellings.
1.3.1 Objective
The objective is for people to travel horizontally and vertically within a building conveniently and without discomfort in order to make use of all relevant facilities.
1.3.2 Introduction
An entrance hall and reception area is the first point of contact and a source of
information for many when arriving at a building and should be accessible to all.
Corridors, passageways and internal lobbies should facilitate a free flow of
people around a building. Doors along internal circulation routes can create
barriers for people, particularly for those with limited upper body strength, and
should only be provided where necessary. However, where they are necessary, for the purposes of compliance with Part B – Fire Safety, they should be easy to use and/or held open on electronic hold-open devices.
Appropriate directional signage indicating the location of the various facilities within the building should be provided where necessary (refer to 1.6.3).
Each storey of a building should be so designed and constructed as to allow for
independent circulation by people with a wide range of abilities and independent
access to the range of accessible services and facilities provided on that storey.
Where a change of level within a storey of a building is necessary because of site
constraints or design considerations, a suitable means of access should be provided between the levels by a gently sloped access route, a ramp and steps or
a platform lift.
A passenger lift is a convenient means for many people including those pushing
buggies, using wheelchairs and carrying luggage, to travel from one floor to
another in order to access all relevant facilities. Passenger lifts should be provided in all multi-storey buildings (some exceptions are provided in 1.3.4.1.1).
At least one stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people should also be provided
to all floors above and below the entrance level to provide a choice for users.
Guidance is given in this section on the features and characteristics of internal
circulation areas, required to make them accessible to people with a wide range of abilities.
Section 1.3.3 deals with internal horizontal circulation features such as; entrance hall and reception areas; internal doors; corridors and passageways and internal lobbies.
Section 1.3.4 deals with internal vertical circulation features such as; passenger
lifts; internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people; internal ramps and
handrails.
1.3.3 Horizontal features
1.3.3.1 Reception area in entrance halls
As the entrance hall is the first point of contact with a buildings activities and
resources, the reception area should not only be accessible but also convenient to use. Where a reception area is provided in an entrance hall:
(a) it should be easily identified from the entrance;
(b) concise signs and universally accepted symbols or pictograms indicating the location of stairs, WCs, circulation routes and other Parts of the building should be provided;
(c) it should have a direct and unobstructed accessible route from the entrance;
(d) in order to facilitate wheelchair users, it should have a clear manoeuvring space in front of a reception desk or counter of:
(i) 1200 mm deep x 1800 mm wide, if there is a knee recess of at least 500 mm deep, or
(ii) 1400 mm deep by 2200 mm wide if there is no knee recess;
(e) it should be designed to facilitate people both standing and seated (e.g. wheelchair users and for people of short stature). If a desk or counter is used it should have a working surface height at two levels as follows:
(i) between 950 mm and 1100 mm high to facilitate people who are standing.
(ii) 760 mm maximum height to facilitate wheelchair users and people of short stature;
(f) at least one low level section should have a minimum length of 1800 mm on the main reception counter.
Rationale: A low level counter, 1800 mm long will facilitate two wheelchairs alongside each other or facing each other across the counter diagonally;
(g) it should also have a knee recess to not less than 700 mm above floor level. This should be provided on both sides to facilitate both staff and visitors alike. The minimum working surface depth should be 700 mm.
To avoid excessive depths of work surfaces, knee spaces for customers and receptionists, both wheelchair users, should not be arranged. opposite each other;
(h) in buildings where it is not necessary to sign in or transact business across the desk, it is acceptable to have a lowered counter with the knee recess on the staff side only. The length of the low level counter may be reduced to 900mm in this
case;
(i) it should have a hearing enhancement system e.g. an audio frequency induction loop system and clear signage should be provided to indicate its presence (refer to 1.6);
(j) the floor surface should be slip resistant (refer to BS 8300:2009 Annex E);
(k) glazed screens in front of reception points should be avoided except where required for security reasons.
Windows, glazed screens, reflective or patterned wall surfaces located behind the reception point should also be avoided.
Rationale: These surfaces can compromise the ability of a person to lip read or follow sign language.
Doors can create barriers for people, particularly for those with limited upper
body strength, and therefore should only be provided where necessary.
Self-closing devices create particular difficulties for some people (refer to Section 1.2) and their use on internal doors should be minimised. While these devices are generally required on fire doors, TGD B gives guidance on acceptable methods of holding them open, where a self–closing device is considered a hindrance to the normal use of a building. Refer to TGD B, Annex B, Fire Doors, Self-closing devices, B3 for guidance. Fire doors should be held open in accordance with this guidance, where possible, in areas of the building frequently used by the public.
Where internal doors are provided to wheelchair accessible areas:
(a) the opening force when measured from the leading edge of the door, should be not more than 30N from 0° (the door in the closed position) to 30° open, and not more than 22.5N from 30° to 60°degrees of the opening cycle5. Doors that have a requirement to self-close for reasons of fire and smoke control, privacy, acoustics or energy control, should have closing devices fitted and adjusted so that the opening forces are well below the limits set above, consistent with the door functioning as intended. Care should be taken to ensure that controlled door closing devices allow the door to open to provide the required effective clear width;
(b) the effective clear width through a single leaf door or one leaf of a double leaf door should be in accordance with Table 2 and Diagram 10;
(c) there should be an unobstructed space of at least 300 mm on the pull side of the door between the leading edge of the door (when it opens towards you) and a return wall, unless the door is opened by remote automatic control or it provides access to a standard hotel bedroom or en-suite, standard, enlarged cubicle, cubicles for ambulant disabled people, storage or maintenance area;
(d) door handles should be located at a height of between 800 mm and 1050 mm (900 mm preferred) above finished floor level. Where a pull handle is provided the available grip zone of the pull handle should be between 700 mm (min) to 1000 mm (max) above finished floor level.
The top end of the pull handle should be 1300 mm (min) above finished floor level. Where fitted with a latch, the door opening furniture should be operable with the closed fist of one hand or an elbow e.g. a lever handle;
(e) all door opening furniture should contrast visually with the surface of the door (refer to 1.6.4);
(f) the door, door frames or architrave should contrast visually with the surrounding wall (refer to 1.6.4);
(g) the surface of the leading edge of any door that is not self-closing, or is likely to be held open, should contrast visually with the other door surfaces and its surroundings so it does not to create a hazard (refer to 1.6.4).
Rationale: This ensures that people with vision impairment can still identify the door opening within the wall;
(h) where possible, unless for reasons of security or privacy, door leaves and side panels wider than 450 mm should have vision panels towards the leading edge of the door whose vertical dimensions include at least the minimum zone or zones of visibility between 500 mm and 1500 mm from the floor. If a door has multiple viewing panels, the minimum zone of visibility should not be interrupted by opaque areas that obstruct more than 350 mm of the vertical height of the zone. Refer to Section 1.2.4 and Diagram 10.
Rationale: This allows a person to see another person approaching in the other direction in time to avoid a collision. The extent of the visibility zone facilitates people of all heights or those using a wheelchair;
(i) frameless glass doors or fully glazed framed doors with a narrow stile, should comply with 1.2.4.1;
(j) a low energy powered swing door system should comply with 1.2.4.4;
(k) refer to TGD B for the direction of opening on doors on escape routes.
1.3.3.3 Corridors and passageways
A corridor or passageway should be wide enough to allow people to pass each other, taking into account common activities and mobility aids such as people pushing buggies, using a wheelchair or walking frame, carrying luggage or using crutches. A corridor that is 1500 mm wide will allow a wheelchair user and an ambulant person to pass one another. A corridor that is 1800 mm wide will allow two wheelchair users to pass one another. Wheelchair users or people pushing buggies should have adequate space available to turn into adjoining spaces or to turn through 180 degrees.
Where corridors and passageways are provided:
(a) the unobstructed clear width should be at least 1200 mm. Elements such as columns, radiators and fire hoses should not project into this corridor width;
(b) passing places should be provided where the unobstructed width of the corridor is less than 1800 mm.
Passing places should have a total unobstructed width of corridor of 1800 mm wide over an 1800 mm length. Passing places should be provided:
(i) at reasonable intervals, not more than 20 m apart; (ii) at junctions; and
(iii) at ends of corridors.
Rationale: This will allow wheelchair users to turn in the opposite direction and to pass each other (refer to Diagram 12);
(c) the floor should be level. For the purpose of this guidance document a gradient of 1:50 or less steep is considered to be level;
(d) where a section of the floor has a gradient in the direction of travel, steeper than 1:50 but less steep than 1:20 it is defined as gently sloping and a level rest area of at least 1800 mm long should be provided at each rise of 500 mm. Where this is not possible refer to 1.3.4.4 internal ramps;
(e) any section with a gradient of 1:20 or steeper should be designed as a ramp (refer to 1.3.4.4);
(f) any gently sloping section should extend the full width of the corridor, otherwise the exposed edge should be clearly identified and contrast visually (refer to 1.6.4). Where necessary, it should be protected by guarding;
(g) any door opening towards a corridor which is a major access route or an escape route should be recessed so that when fully open, it does not project into the corridor space except where the doors are minor utility facilities such as small store rooms and locked duct cupboards.
Rationale: This is to avoid collisions with passers-by;
(h) if the door from the unisex accessible WC opens into a corridor that is not a major access route or an escape route, there should be a clear width remaining in the corridor as illustrated in Diagram 12.
Rationale: To allow a person using a wheelchair to manoeuvre out the
door into the corridor;
(i) on a major access route or an escape route, the wider leaf of any series of double doors placed across the route, having leaves of unequal width, should be on the same side of the corridor throughout the length of the corridor;
(j) floor surface finishes should be slip resistant. Refer to Annex E of BS 8300:2009;
(k) any full height glazed screens alongside a corridor or passageway should be clearly defined with manifestation on the glass at two levels, 850 mm to 1000 mm and 1400 mm to1600 mm contrasting visually (refer to 1.6.4) with the
background seen through the glass in all lighting conditions (refer to 1.6.5);
(l) clear unobstructed headroom of 2100 mm (except for any door frame) should be provided to prevent people colliding with projecting edges at head height.
Where a stairway crosses over a circulation route, suitable precautions should be taken to ensure that any part of the area under the stairway with a height lower than 2100 mm cannot be used for circulation purposes. The area should be enclosed, protected by guarding and low level cane detection or a permanent barrier giving the same degree of protection.
(m) corridors and passageways should be adequately lit. Artificial lighting for corridors and passageways that receive no daylight should be designed to achieve an illuminance at floor level of at least 100 lux (refer to 1.6.5);
(n) where seating and/or handrails are provided in long corridors i.e. over 20 m, a minimum clear corridor width of 1200 mm should be maintained.
1.3.3.4 Internal lobbies
Internal lobbies to wheelchair accessible areas should be in accordance with
entrance lobbies in 1.2.5.
Diagram 12 Dimensions and space allowances for corridors in buildings other than dwellings
1.3.4 Vertical features
1.3.4.1 Provision
A passenger lift is the most accessible means of vertical circulation and allows
people with a wide range of abilities to travel conveniently and without discomfort from floor to floor in order to make use of all relevant facilities.
1.3.4.1.1 Lifts
Passenger lifts should be provided in all multi-storey buildings to serve all storeys above and below entry level e.g. basements used for car parking, etc,
except in the following situations:
(a) non-residential or mixed use buildings with a nett floor area per floor of less than 200 m2 and with no floor having an entrance level more than 4500 mm above or below the main entrance level, or
(b) apartment buildings with four (or less) dwellings on any storey other than the entrance storey and with no dwelling having an entrance level more than 4500 mm above or below the main entrance level.
(c) duplex buildings with two (or less) dwellings on any one storey other than the entrance storey and with no dwelling having an entrance level more than 6500 mm above or below the main entrance level.
Buildings in cases (b) and (c) above are generally apartment or duplex buildings containing dwellings only, however they may incorporate mixed use elements at the entrance storeys e.g. retail units, etc. In calculating the nett floor area for nonresidential and mixed use buildings the areas of all parts of a storey (including any apartments) should be added together, whether they are in more than one part of the same storey or used for different purposes. The area of any vertical circulation, common sanitary facility and maintenance areas in the storey should not be included.
Consideration should be given to other lifting devices, such as lifting platforms that facilitate vertical travel to facilities, especially in buildings to which the exceptions (a) to (c) above apply. Lifting platforms should comply with 2.3.4.1.1. For further information on these devices refer to ‘Building for Everyone’.
Reference should be made to Part B and TGD B for guidance on fire related issues associated with lifts e.g. lifts to underground car parks, etc. Refer to TGD B – General Provisions for means of escape.
Where no lift or lifting device is provided, the same range of services/ facilities that are available on the other levels should be made available on the entry or accessible level.
1.3.4.1.2 Stairs
In addition to the provision of a passenger lift, at least one internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people should also be provided as an alternative means of vertical access. Refer to 1.3.4.3 for details.
1.3.4.2 Passenger lift details
In the case of places of work, designers should have regard to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 (S.I. No. 299 of 2007) which requires testing, examination, certification and regular inspection of lifts. Passenger lifts should comply with the Lift Directive 95/16/EC.
Where an accessible passenger lift is provided:
(a) it should conform with I.S. EN 81-1; I.S. EN 81-2 and I.S. EN 81-70;
(b) it should be approached via an accessible horizontal circulation route in accordance with Section 1.3;
(c) signs should be provided to facilitate finding the lift;
(d) lift landing and lift car doors should contrast visually with the adjoining walls (refer to 1.6.4);
(e) there should be a clear unobstructed space for manoeuvring at least 1800 mm wide and at least 1800 mm deep in front of every entrance door to the lift;
(f) lift car doors should be power-operated horizontal sliding doors;
(g) lift car doors should have a clear opening width of at least 800 mm;
(h) lift car doors should be fitted with timing devices and re-opening activators allowing the doors to stay open for at least 8 seconds. In addition a device should be provided both within the lift car and on the landing to enale the door to be kept open for longer if necessary.
Rationale: To allow adequate time for people and any assistance dogs to enter and leave;
(i) the minimum internal dimensions of a lift car should be 1100 mm wide x 1400 mm deep.
Rationale: This size accommodates manual and electrically powered wheelchairs and one accompanying person;
(j) a larger lift car should be provided in the public areas of public facilities such as hotels, cinemas, theatres shopping centres and public libraries, where the public area has a nett floor area per floor of greater than 200 m2. The larger lift car dimensions should be 2000 mm wide x 1400 mm deep.
Rationale: The larger lift car will facilitate most types of wheelchairs; scooters and buggies, along with several other passengers;
(k) the controls in the lift car should be positioned at a height of not less than 900 mm, not more than 1200 mm (preferably 1100 mm) above the car floor and at least 500 mm from any return wall;
(l) the call buttons at each landing should not be less than 900 mm and not more than 1100 mm above the landing. Controls should not be located in corners and should be at least 500 mm from any wall or projecting surface.
Rationale: This will facilitate a person in a wheelchair reaching the buttons;
(m) suitable tactile indicators for floor numbers should be provided on or adjacent to lift buttons within the lift car and on the landing;
(n) the landing call button symbols and control button symbols should be
raised to facilitate tactile reading;
(o) all call and control buttons should contrast visually with the surrounding face plate and similarly, the face plate should contrast visually with the surface on which it is mounted (refer to 1.6.4);
(p) the floor of the lifting device should not be a dark colour.
Rationale: This can create the illusion, for people with vision impairment, of stepping into an open lift shaft);
(q) the lifting device floor should be slip resistant and have frictional qualities
similar to or higher than the floor finish of the landing;
(r) the lift car and lift lobby should provide both visual and auditory warning of the lift cars arrival and the number of the floor level reached prior to the doors opening;
(s) a half-length mirror should be installed on the wall opposite the lift door (where the lift car is not a through lift) with the bottom edge of the mirror being between 900 mm to 950 mm above the lift car floor.
Rationale: This avoids confusion for people with vision impairment and to provide a wheelchair user with a rear view to safely reverse out from the lift car;
(t) a handrail of contrasting colour with its surroundings should be provided on at least one wall with its top surface at 900 mm above the floor and located so that it does not obstruct the controls or the mirror.
Handrails should be terminated in such a way that reduces the risk of clothing being caught;
(u) a suitable emergency communication system should be installed. Systems should be easy to use for example intercom and push button activation and contain inductive couplers.
Rationale: So that people using hearing aids can make use of them;
(v) the illumination in the lift car should minimise glare, reflection, confusing
shadows or pools of light and dark.
Rationale: Areas of glazing should be identifiable by people with vision impairment.
Diagram 13 Key dimensions associated with passenger lifts
1.3.4.3 Internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people
At least one set of stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people should be provided to access all floors above or below entrance level in a building.
Stairs serve many different functions in a building e.g. a means of escape, a means of access for ambulant disabled people or an effective, efficient and simple means of vertical circulation, or sometimes a combination of these. Functional requirements and guidance on compliance for stairs are given in various Parts of the Building Regulations namely Part B for escape, Part K for stairs in general and Part M for stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people.
Designers should refer to the relevant Part and accompanying TGD when designing stairs. Particular reference should be made to Part B/ TGD B for the provision of refuges for people with disabilities.
Where internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people are provided:
(a) the minimum clear width (between enclosing walls, strings or upstands) should 1200 mm;
(b) a landing should be provided at the top and bottom of each flight;
(c) the landings should be level and have an unobstructed length (clear of any door swing) of at least 1200 mm or the width of the flight whichever is greater;
(d) there should be no single steps;
(e) the rise of a flight between landings should not exceed 1800 mm;
(f) all step nosings should incorporate a permanently contrasting continuous material on the tread. The material should be between 50 mm and 65 mm wide on the tread and should visually contrast with the remainder of the tread (refer to 1.6.4).
Rationale: This will help people with vision impairment to appreciate the extent of the stair and identify the individual treads;
(g) projecting or overhanging step nosings should be avoided.
Rationale: Nosings can cause people to trip or catch their feet. Refer to Diagram 5 for acceptable tread and riser profiles;
(h) the rise and going of each step should be consistent throughout a flight;
(i) the rise of each step should be between 150 mm and 180 mm and have a going of at least 300 mm.
Rationale: A larger going helps avoid accidents on a stair particularly on descent, as it allows a person to place more of their foot on the step;
(j) tapered treads and open risers should not be used as they create a sense of insecurity for people with vision impairment;
(k) there should be a continuous handrail on each side of flights and landings in accordance with 1.1.3.6. The minimum unobstructed width between handrails should be not less than 1000 mm;
(l) where the overall unobstructed width (width between handrails) is more than 2000 mm, additional handrails should be used to divide the internal stairs into channels of unobstructed width not less than 1000 mm and not greater than 2000 mm.
Rationale: This provides for a person with less strength on one side to be within easy reach of support;
(m) the surface of the treads should be slip resistant, especially when wet. Guidance on slip resistance is given in BS 8300:2009 Annex E;
(n) the illuminance at tread level should be at least 100 lux;
(o) there is no guidance on hazard warning surfaces at the head of internal stairs as there is no recognised warning/hazard surface for internal use that can be guaranteed not to constitute a trip hazard when used alongside flooring with different frictional resistances. Therefore, where possible, internal stairs should not be directly in line with an access route.
Rationale: Due to the potential risk that people will not recognise the stairs in time;
(p) where the area beneath a stairs has a soffit height less than 2100 mm above floor level, it should be enclosed or guarded to prevent access.
Rationale: To reduce the risk to people especially those with vision impairments colliding with the edge of the stairs soffit.
Diagram 14 Key dimensions associated with internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people
1.3.4.4 Internal ramps
If a change in level is unavoidable within a storey a gentle slope should be provided (refer to 1.3.3.3 (d)). Where this is not possible and the change in level is 300 mm or more, two or more clearly defined steps (in accordance with 1.3.4.2) identifiable by means of visual contrast (refer to 1.6.4) should be provided in addition to a ramp.
A ramp is defined as a gradient of 1:20 or steeper. Limits for ramp gradient and flight length are defined in Table 1.
Where the change in level is not greater than 300 mm, a ramp alone is sufficient.
Where an internal ramp is provided
(a) it should comply with guidance given for external ramped access routes in 1.1.3.4;
(b) it should be easy to locate or clearly sign-posted;
(c) it should have no flight with a going greater than 10 m or a rise of more than 500 mm (refer to Table 1 and Diagram 3).
(d) where the area beneath a ramp has a soffit height less than 2100 mm above floor level, it should be protected by either enclosure, guarding and low level cane detection or a permanent barrier giving the same degree of protection.
1.3.4.5 Handrails
A suitable continuous handrail should be provided on each side of flights and landings of internal stairs suitable for ambulant disabled people and ramps. Refer to TGD K for guidance on the provision of guarding. Handrails should comply with guidance given for external handrails in 1.1.3.6.
Section 1.4 Sanitary facilities for buildings other than dwellings.
1.4.1 Objective
The objective is to provide independently accessible sanitary facilities that meet the needs of people with a wide range of abilities.
1.4.2 Introduction
For the purposes of this part specific guidance on the provision of sanitary facilities is given in 1.4.3. Detailed guidance on the design of the sanitary facilities is given in 1.4.4 to 1.4.9.
1.4.3 General provisions
The number and location of sanitary facilities required in a building will be dictated by the nature of the building, the size of the building, the number of people who will use the building, gender ratio, patterns of use and the ease of access. Refer to Part G/ TGD G for the scale of provisions for sanitary facilities. In the case of places of work, designers should also have regard to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No. 299 of 2007).
Section 1.4.3 requires the provision of accessible sanitary facilities where sanitary facilities are provided in a building, whether this is for customers, visitors, or staff working in the building. It does not create a requirement for the provision of sanitary facilities in a building or for different user groups e.g. for visitors where provision has only been made for staff.
The following guidance represents the minimum provisions to ensure that sanitary facilities where provided for a particular user group, are accessible to all in that group e.g. customers and/or staff.
The guidance is based on providing a minimum clear turning space of 1800 mm x 1800 mm for a wheelchair. This space provision will be adequate for many wheelchairs, however some powered wheelchairs and scooters may require larger turning spaces.
A wheelchair accessible unisex WC is designed to meet the needs of independent wheelchair users, but it is also equipped to suit ambulant disabled people. In addition it may be used by people who require additional space, the support of grab rails or integral hand washing facilities. A unisex facility enables assistants of either sex to assist a person with a disability.
In addition to the above, 1.4.3.1 to 1.4.3.5 outline the provisions required in relation to specific types of sanitary facilities.
In primary school buildings where WCs are provided within the classroom provision should be made for ambulant disabled people. In addition, a minimum provision of one wheelchair accessible unisex WC should be made, either as part of the classroom environment or in the common areas of the building. The travel distance to this WC should be minimised where it is not located within the classroom. For further requirements on sanitary facilities in primary schools, refer to the Department of Education and Skills Technical Guidance Documents
available on www.education.ie.
Sanitary facilities used solely for individual use within offices are not covered in the following sections however; consideration should be given to meeting the needs of the user.
1.4.3.1 Provisions for wheelchair accessible unisex WCs
The provisions for wheelchair accessible unisex WCs are as follows:
(a) Buildings with a nett floor area per floor greater than 200 m2 should provide a wheelchair accessible unisex WC with minimum turning space of 1800 mm x 1800 mm (Refer to Diagram 15a). Buildings with a nett floor area per floor of 200 m2 or less may provide a minimum turning space of 1500 mm x 1500 mm (Refer to Diagram 15b). Where space permits, a turning space in excess of 1500 mm x 1500 mm should be considered. In calculating the nett floor area the area of any vertical circulation, common sanitary facility and maintenance areas in the storey should not be included;
(b) Where there is only one WC facility provided in the building, it should be unisex, wheelchair accessible and incorporate a standing-user height washbasin, in addition to the finger rinse basin associated with the WC pan.
Rationale: This provision will facilitate the needs of a wider range of users;
(c) Where there is more than one WC facility provided in a building at different locations, at least one wheelchair accessible unisex WC should be provided at each location;
(d) Where independent access to storeys, above or below the entrance storey, is not available for wheelchair users, i.e. if access is by stairway only, a wheelchair accessible unisex WC should be located on the entrance storey, except where the entrance storey contains only the entrance and vertical circulation areas. However, in every such building, provision for a WC for ambulant disabled people should still be made;
(e) Where more than one wheelchair accessible unisex WC is provided, the layouts should be handed.
Rationale: This facilitates both left and right handed transfer techniques onto the WC. For further information on transfer techniques refer to ‘Building for Everyone’;
(f) Where wheelchair accessible unisex WCs are provided, they should meet the minimum requirements set out in 1.4.4 and 1.4.5.
1.4.3.2 Provisions for WC cubicles
The provisions for WC cubicles are as follows:
(a) Where WC cubicles are provided in a washroom, at least one WC cubicle should be provided for ambulant disabled people amongst the standard cubicles in each washroom as per 1.4.6.1 and 1.4.6.2;
(b) Where four or more WC cubicles are provided in a washroom, one WC cubicle should be an enlarged cubicle for use by people who need extra space in addition to the requirement in (a) above.
Rationale: Enlarged cubicles are not a substitute for cubicles suitable for ambulant disabled people but rather an alternative arrangement to meet the needs of people with another range of abilities;
(c) If there is more than one enlarged WC cubicle provided, layouts should be handed as the WC is offset. Rationale: This facilitates people who are stronger on one side;
(d) Where WC cubicles are provided, they should meet the minimum requirements set out in 1.4.4 and 1.4.6.
1.4.3.3 Provisions for urinals
The provisions for urinals are as follows:
(a) Where one or more urinals are provided in a washroom, at least one urinal should be suitable for use by ambulant disabled people;
(b) Where six or more urinals are provided in a washroom at least one accessible urinal and one low wash hand basin should be provided for wheelchair users in addition to the requirements in (a) above;
(c) Where urinals are provided, they should meet the minimum requirements set out in 1.4.4 and 1.4.7.
1.4.3.4 Provisions for accessible bathrooms/shower rooms
The provisions for accessible bathrooms/shower rooms are as follows:
(a) Where an en suite sanitary facility is provided in an accessible bedroom for independent use by a wheelchair user e.g. in hotels, guest accommodation, residential accommodation, medical facilities etc, the sanitary facility should be in accordance with 1.4.8 (For information on the provision of accessible bedrooms in hotels (refer to 1.5) ;
(b) A balanced combination of en-suite bathrooms and en-suite shower rooms should be provided when more than one en-suite bathroom or shower room is provided. If only one accessible en-suite facility is provided, it should include an accessible shower, rather than a bath.
Rationale: Many people with disabilities and elderly people may find it easier to use a shower;
(c) A choice of layouts suitable for lefthand and right-hand transfer should be provided when more than one en-suite bathroom or shower room is provided;
(d) Where a sanitary facility combining showers/baths and WCs is provided in a building, e.g. hotels, hospitals, student accommodation, sports, leisure facilities, an accessible shower room or bathroom as per 1.4.8 should be provided. When more than one of each type is provided a choice of layouts suitable for left-hand and right-hand transfer should be provided. This should not be the only wheelchair accessible WC in the building;
(e) Where accessible bathrooms/ shower rooms are provided, they should meet the minimum requirements in 1.4.4 and 1.4.8.
1.4.3.5 Provisions for changing and/or showering facilities
The provisions for changing and/or showering facilities are as follows:
(a) Where communal separate-sex changing and/or showering facilities are provided, accessible changing and/or showering facilities should be provided in communal areas by subdividing the area and providing accessible space and fittings as for self-contained facilities as per 1.4.9;
(b) In sport facilities, accessible individual unisex self-contained showering and/or changing facilities should be provided as per 1.4.9 in addition to communal separate-sex facilities. Where it is not practicable to provide both communal and individual facilities, an individual unisex and accessible showering and/ or changing facility as per 1.4.9 should be provided. A choice of layouts suitable for left-hand and right-hand transfer should be provided when more than one changing and/ or showering facility is provided.
1.4.4 Sanitary facilities – General
The space provided for manoeuvring and the relative positioning of WCs, wash basins and other accessories is critical to enable wheelchair users or people with mobility impairment to adopt various transfer techniques that allow independent or assisted use of sanitary facilities. The guidance given in the following sections provides acceptable sample sizes and layouts for the situations called up in 1.4.3 above.
For further information on accessible sanitary facilities refer to BS 8300:2009 and Building for Everyone.
Where accessible sanitary facilities are provided:
(a) accessible sanitary facilities should be located in a convenient and accessible part of the building. Refer to 1.1 to 1.3 for approach, access and circulation routes;
(b) accessible sanitary facilities should be clearly identifiable.
Rationale: People with difficulty communicating may prefer not to ask directions and should therefore be able to rely on signage (refer to 1.6.3);
(c) any bath, shower or washbasin tap should be either controlled automatically or be capable of being operated using a closed fist e.g. by lever action;
(d) any door handles and other ironmongery should comply with the requirements for internal doors in 1.3.3.2. Where fitted with a latch, the door opening furniture should be capable of being operated with one hand using a closed fist e.g. a lever handle.
All door opening furniture should contrast visually with the surface of the door (refer to 1.6.4);
(e) doors to accessible sanitary facilities should be fitted with light action privacy bolts so that they can be operated by people with limited dexterity. Where doors to accessible sanitary facilities are required to self-close, they should meet the provisions of 1.3.3.2 (a);
(f) it is preferable to have outward opening doors (or sliding doors) to accessible sanitary facilities. If inward opening doors are used, the size should be increased to ensure that the swing of the inward opening door does not encroach into the wheelchair turning space/ activity space or transfer area;
(g) outward opening doors should be fitted with a horizontal pull rail fixed to the inside face and should not project into circulation routes or obstruct emergency escape routes;
(h) doors to accessible sanitary facilities should have an emergency release mechanism e.g. lifting off hinges
Rationale: So that the doors are capable of being opened outwards from the outside, in case of emergency, in the case where someone has fallen against the door and is unable to get up;
(i) doors to accessible sanitary facilities should comply with the guidance on internal doors in 1.3 however although the effective door width should be as wide as possible 1.3.3.2 (b) and (c) do not apply to standard cubicles or cubicles for ambulant disabled people;
(j) the fire alarm should emit a visual and audible signal.
Rationale: To warn occupants with vision or hearing impairment;
(k) the emergency assistance alarm system (where required, refer to Diagrams 15a, 15b, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25) should have:
(i) a pull cord reachable from a wheelchair and the WC, the shower or bath, or from the floor if someone has fallen, in some cases two pull chords may be required (refer to 1.5.6 (e));
(ii) visual and audible indicators to confirm that an emergency call has been activated;
(iii) a reset control reachable from a wheelchair and the WC, in
case a false alarm is raised;
(iv) a warning signal that is distinguishable visually and audibly from the fire alarm;
(v) a visual and audible indicator should be provided outside the room where it can be easily seen and heard by people able to give assistance and also at a central control point;
(l) all lighting controls should comply with the guidance for switches and controls (refer to 1.5.6);
(m) the general lighting level in sanitary facilities should be between 200 to 300 lux measured at floor level (refer to 1.6.5);
(n) any heat emitters should either be screened or have their exposed surfaces kept at a temperature below 43° Celsius;
(o) the floor surfaces should be firm, level and slip resistant when wet and dry. Guidance on slip resistance is given on BS 8300:2009 Annex E;
(p) the surface finish of sanitary fittings, grab rails and doors, should contrast visually with their background. There should also be a visual contrast between wall and floor finishes (refer
to 1.6.4);
(q) a shelf should be provided for a bag, a briefcase or other personal belongings. Two clothes hooks should be provided, one at a level of 1050 mm and 1400 mm above floor level.
Rationale: This avoids a person having to place belongings on the floor;
(r) accessible sanitary facilities should not be located in a way that compromises the privacy of users. However, the provision of lobbies to accessible sanitary facilities should be avoided where possible as lobby doors may create barriers to easy movement;
(s) the WC pan should conform to I.S. EN 997:2003 in terms of key dimensions, in order to accommodate the use of variable height toilet seat risers.
Rationale: This will facilitate people who find it difficult to use the standard seat height;
(t) a colostomy changing surface should be provided in all accessible WCs. Where high/low level cisterns are used (incorporating a rail with a padded back rest) a separate colostomy changing shelf 125 mm to 150 mm deep x 400 mm wide (min), with its surface 950 mm (max) above floor level should be provided.
Where a flat topped close-coupled cistern is used the flat topped cistern should be adequate to provide a colostomy changing surface for standing users without the extra requirement for a separate shelf;
(u) the activation of a manual flush mechanism should be clearly visible, easy to use and require little strength and no fine hand movements. TGD G should be referred to for guidance on efficient use of water for flushing. Spatulashaped WC flush handles are suitable for people with a wide range of abilities and can be activated with an elbow or fist;
(v) where automatic flushing is provided it should be clearly indicated;
(w) where the activator for the flush mechanism is to one side, it should be positioned on the open or transfer side of the WC, ensuring it can be reached by a person who has transferred back into a wheelchair;
(x) the wall construction and fixings used to support grab rails should be capable of resisting the load exerted by users when pulling themselves to a standing or upright position.
1.4.5 Wheelchair accessible unisex WC
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 where a wheelchair accessible unisex WC is provided:
(a) the minimum overall dimensions and arrangement of fittings within a wheelchair accessible unisex WC should comply with Diagram 15a or 15b, 16 and 17. Room dimensions of 1800 mm x 2500 mm are based on an 1800 mm x 1800 mm turning space, while room dimensions of 1500 mm x 2200 mm provide for a 1500 mm x 1500 mm turning space in small buildings as defined in 1.4.3.1;
(b) where there is only one WC provided in a building, a standing user height wash basin should be provided in addition to the finger rinse basin. The overall width of the room should be increased from 1800 mm to 2300 mm (or from 1500 mm to 2000 mm for a 1500 mm x 1500 mm turning space). The washbasin should not impinge on the wheelchair turning space and the rim of the washbasin should be between 780 mm to 800 mm (refer to Diagram 17).
Rationale: This provision will facilitate the needs of a wider range of users;
(c) the door should be on the wall opposite the WC, on the same side of the room as the transfer space, as illustrated in Diagram 15a;
(d) a distance of 750 mm should be provided from the back wall to the front of the WC pan.
Rationale: This allows the wheelchair seat to be parallel with the toilet seat, so that the wheelchair can be reversed against the wall and the person using the toilet does not have to manoeuvre both sideways and also backwards to transfer to and from the WC pan;
(e) the distance between the front of the WC pan and the nearest edge of the finger rinse basin should be between 140 mm and160 mm.
Rationale: The user should be able to, from a sitting position on the WC, lean forward, wash hands in the finger rinse basin and insert or take out the basins waste plug before transferring back to the wheelchair;
(f) grab rails should be a minimum of 600 mm in length and should contrast visually with the supporting background surface (refer to 1.6.4);
(g) an emergency assistance alarm system should be provided in accordance with 1.4.4 (k);
(h) heat emitters, casings and shelves should be located so that they do not project into or restrict the minimum clear wheelchair manoeuvring space, nor the space beside the WC used for transfer from the wheelchair to the WC.
1.4.6 Cubicles
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 further guidance is given below for cubicles.
1.4.6.1 Standard cubicles
Where standard cubicles have inward opening doors there should be a minimum 450 mm diameter manoeuvring space provided between the swing of the door, the WC pan and the side wall of the compartment (refer to Diagram 18).
Diagram 15a Wheelchair accessible unisex WC (1800 mm x 1800 mm turning space)
Diagram 15b Wheelchair accessible unisex WC (1500 mm x 1500 mm turning space)
Diagram 16 Heights of various fittings on Wall A of a wheelchair accessible unisex WC (refer to Diagram 15a or 15b)
Diagram 17 Location of independent mirrors, accessories and washbasin
Diagram 18 Standard WC cubicle
1.4.6.2 Cubicles for ambulant disabled people
For people using crutches or with other mobility impairment cubicles with a larger than standard clear activity or manoeuvring space and grab rails will be more accessible.
Where cubicles for ambulant disabled people are provided:
(a) the width of the cubicle should be between 800 mm and 900 mm;
(b) the WC should be centrally located on the back wall;
(c) an activity space of 750 mm (clear of the door swing) should be provided as per Diagram 19b);
(d) a horizontal and vertical grab rail should be provided either side to the WC pan;
(e) a colostomy changing surface should be provided. Where high/low level cisterns are used (incorporating a rail with a padded back rest) a separate colostomy changing shelf 125 mm to 150 mm deep x 400 mm wide (min), with its surface 950 mm (max) above floor level should be provided. Where a flat topped close-coupled cistern is used the flat topped cistern should
be adequate to provide a colostomy changing surface for standing users without the extra requirement for a separate shelf;
(f) the minimum dimensions and arrangement of the cubicle, activity space, grab rails and other fittings should be provided in accordance with Diagram 19a) and b).
Diagram 19 WC cubicle for ambulant disabled people and enlarged cubicle
1.4.6.3 Enlarged cubicles
Cubicles with extra space will be more accessible for a range of people including parents with children, people carrying luggage, ambulant disabled people and people with assistance dogs.
Where enlarged cubicles are provided:
(a) the minimum width of the cubicle should be 1200 mm;
(b) the centreline of the WC should be between 450 mm and 500 mm from one wall;
(c) an activity space of 750 mm (clear of the door swing)should be provided as per Diagram 19c);
(d) a horizontal and vertical grab rail should be provided adjacent to the WC pan;
(e) a vertical grab rail should be provided on the rear wall adjacent to the side of the cistern furthest away from the wall with the horizontal grab rail);
(f) a colostomy changing surface should be provided. Where high/low level cisterns are used (incorporating a rail with a padded back rest) a separate colostomy changing shelf 125 mm to 150 mm deep x 400 mm wide (min), with its surface 950 mm (max) above floor level should be provided. Where a flat topped close-coupled cistern is used the flat topped cistern should be adequate to provide a colostomy changing surface for standing users without the extra requirement for a separate shelf.
1.4.7 Accessible urinals
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 where accessible urinals are provided:
(a) a clear area of 900 mm x 1400 mm in front of the wheelchair accessible urinal should be level;
(b) the rim of the wheelchair accessible urinal should be 380 mm above floor level, for ambulant disabled people the standard 500 mm is adequate, as per Diagram 20;
(c) vertical grab rails should be provided on both sides of the urinal. To support a person who is standing they should be 600 mm long, for a wheelchair user they should be 900 mm long to provide support in a sitting or standing position. The top fixings for both handrails should be 1400 mm above floor level as per Diagram 20;
(d) urinals and grab rails should contrast visually with the wall on which they are attached (refer to 1.6.4);
(e) where wash basins are provided, at least one wash basin with its rim set at between 720 mm and 740 mm above the floor level should be provided. Knee space under the basin should be free of obstructions and should not have a pedestal to allow a wheelchair user to pull up close to the basin.
Diagram 20 Accessible urinals
1.4.8 Accessible bathrooms/shower rooms
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 where wheelchair accessible ensuite bathrooms or shower rooms are provided:
(a) an en-suite shower room should be in accordance with Diagram 21;
(b) wall mounted drop down support rails and a wall mounted slip resistant tip-up seat should be provided in the shower area;
(c) an en-suite bathroom with WC for independent use should be in accordance Diagram 22 and 23;
(d) the bath should be provided with a transfer seat, 400 mm deep and equal to the width of the bath;
(e) the WC and washbasin should be similar to the corner arrangement WC for a unisex accessible toilet, except the washbasin is larger and set back from the sidewall.
Rationale: So as not to project into the transfer space in front of the WC;
(f) the washbasin should be approximately 500 mm wide x 450 mm deep with a rim height set between 720 mm and 740 mm above the floor level.
Rationale: The larger washbasin enables people to have a full bodywash or to wash personal care equipment;
(h) the washbasin should have a waste plug.
Rationale: This enables the basin to be filled prior to using the WC, as the taps may be out of reach for some from the WC;
(i) knee space under the basin should be free of obstructions.
Rationale: This allows a wheelchair to pull up close to the basin;
(j) the shower controls should be easy to use and capable of being operated with a closed fist e.g. with a lever handle operation.
Diagram 21 An example of a shower room incorporating a corner WC for independent use
Diagram 22 An example of a bathroom for independent use incorporating a corner WC layout
Diagram 23 Grab rails and fittings associated with a bath (refer to Diagram 22)
1.4.9 Changing and/or showering facilities
1.4.9.1 Changing facilities
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 provided:
(a) the overall dimensions and the arrangement of equipment and controls for an individual self contained unit should comply with Diagram 24;
(b) the floor should be level, and a manoeuvring space 1500 mm deep should be provided in front of any lockers provided in communal areas;
(c) a choice of layouts suitable for lefthand and right-hand transfer should be provided when more than one changing and or showering facility is provided.
1.4.9.2 Showering facilities
In addition to the general guidance in 1.4.4 where showering facilities are provided:
(a) the minimum dimensions and arrangement of fittings, etc, should be in accordance with Diagram 25;
(b) the shower curtain/ enclosure should be operable from the shower seat. This should enclose the seat (when in a horizontal position) and grab rails;
(c) a shelf, for toiletries etc, should be positioned so that it can be reached from the shower seat or from the wheelchair before or after transfer;
(d) the floor should be self draining;
(e) the markings on the shower control should be logical and clear;
(f) the shower controls should be easy to use and capable of being operated with a closed fist e.g. with a lever handle operation.
Diagram 24 An example of a self-contained changing room for independent use
Diagram 25 An example of a self-contained accessible shower and/ or changing room for independent use
Section 1.5 Other facilities in buildings other than dwellings
1.5.1 Objective
The objective is to ensure that all facilities within a building are accessible to and useable and that they are designed and constructed to facilitate active participation where appropriate.
1.5.2 Introduction
Provisions should be made to ensure facilities within a building are accessible for people (both visitors and staff) with a wide range of abilities, e.g. people with vision or hearing impairment, people with intellectual disabilities, people with mental impairment, ambulant disabled people, wheelchair users and people with small children (in buggies).
Guidance is given in this section on the features and characteristics of the following facilities to make them accessible to and useable for people with a wide range of abilities:
(i) Audience and spectator facilities with fixed seating;
(ii) Audience and spectator facilities without fixed seating;
(iii) Refreshment facilities;
(iv) Accessible sleeping accommodation;
(v) Switches, outlets and controls Audience and spectator facilities with fixed seating may be provided in several different types of buildings such as lecture/conference facilities in hotels or offices, educational buildings, entertainment facilities in theatres, cinemas, sports facilities in stadia and sports centres.
Often, it is a functional characteristic of these types of buildings that audience or spectator facilities with fixed seating is provided at several levels and frequently this necessitates the use of tiered or raking floors. While ambulant disabled people should have access to all such levels, people using wheelchairs, notwithstanding the requirements for lifts, in Section 1.3, should have independent access to sufficient wheelchair spaces in areas which afford good viewing conditions. Wheelchair seating should be designed so that the spectators in wheelchairs can still see the event when other spectators are standing.
Facilities that are available to other users of the premises, such as bars, WCs, etc, should also be accessible from these areas.
The minimum number of permanent and removable spaces should be in accordance with Table 3. Where a building contains several auditoria, e.g. a multi-screen cinema or a block of lecture theatres the minimum requirement in Table 3 applies to each auditorium.
Audience and spectator facilities without fixed seating may be provided in buildings such as lecture/conference facilities in hotels or offices, educational buildings, entertainment facilities in theatres, cinemas, sports facilities in stadia and sports centres. These facilities should be accessible in accordance with 1.5.4.
Refreshment facilities e.g. restaurants, bars and shared self service canteens should be so designed and constructed that they can be accessed and used by all (visitors and staff) independently or with companions.
Where sleeping accommodation is provided adequate provision should be made for people with a wide range of abilities. One guest bedroom out of every twenty, or a minimum of one guest bedroom if less than twenty guest bedrooms are provided should be suitable in terms of size, layout and facilities for independent use by people with a wide range of abilities in accordance with 1.5.6. The same proportion of such bedrooms should have en-suite sanitary facilities as provided in other bedrooms.
For guidance on sanitary facilities refer to Section 1.4. Switches, outlets and controls for all facilities should be made easy to see; access and use by all (refer to 1.5.7).
Table 3 Provision of wheelchair spaces in audience seating
1.5.3 Audience and spectator facilities with fixed seating
Where audience and spectator facilities with fixed seating are provided:
(a) the route to the wheelchair spaces should be clearly signed;
(b) the route to the wheelchair spaces should be accessible by wheelchair users, in accordance with Section 1.1;
(c) at least one set of wheelchair spaces should be provided in pairs with standard seating on at least one side, to facilitate a friend or assistant and to avoid segregation. This can be provided on a permanent basis or created by removing a seat(s).
Refer to Diagrams 26 and 27 (Alternative details are given in BS 8300:2009);
(d) where more than two wheelchair spaces are provided, they should be located to give a range of unobstructed views for the duration of the event (the view should not be obstructed by possible standing spectators) at each side, as well as at the front and back of the seating area.
Rationale: This will help accommodate those with difficulty hearing or seeing on one side and those who need to be near lip readers or sign interpreters;
(e) the clear space allowance for an occupied wheelchair in a parked position should be 900 mm x 1400 mm deep;
(f) the floor of each wheelchair space should be level;
(g) standard seats at the ends of rows should have detachable or lift-up arms;
(h) where wheelchair spaces are provided at the back of a stepped terraced floor, they should be provided in accordance with Diagram 27 (Alternative details are given in BS 8300:2009);
(i) where a raised podium or stage is provided in a lecture/ conference facility, wheelchair users should have access to it by means of a ramp or lifting platform. Clear signage should be provided indicating its location (refer to 1.6.3);
(j) stepped access routes to raked seating areas should have handrails where there is an adjacent wall.
Rationale: Where steps lead to seating, a handrail is needed only on the wall side, so as not to obstruct access to the seating;
(k) a hearing enhancement system in accordance with Section 1.6 should be provided for people with hearing impairment in all audience and spectator facilities;
(l) rows and seats should be clearly numbered and well lit to assist people with vision impairment.
Further guidance on audience and spectator facilities is given in BS 8300:2009.
1.5.4 Audience and spectator facilities without fixed seating
Where audience and spectator facilities without fixed seating are provided:
(a) where a raised podium or stage is provided in a lecture/ conference facility, wheelchair users should have access to it by means of a ramp or lifting platform. Clear signage should be provided indicating its location (refer to 1.6.3);
(b) a hearing enhancement system in accordance with Section 1.6 should be provided for people with hearing impairment in all audience and spectator facilities. This does not include classrooms in primary and post primary schools or standard meeting rooms in offices.
Diagram 26 An example of wheelchair spaces in an audience and spectator facility with fixed seating
Diagram 27 An example of wheelchair space provision in an audience and spectator facility with fixed seating
1.5.5 Refreshment facilities
Where refreshment facilities are provided:
(a) all users should have access to all parts of the facility. If there is a change in level, the different levels should be accessible (refer to 1.3);
(b) in bars and restaurants a section of the working surface of a bar or serving counter 1500 mm long (min) should be permanently accessible to wheelchair users and at a level of not more than 850 mm above the floor;
(c) a minimum clear manoeuvring space of 1800 mm x 1800 mm should be provided in front of a counter or bar, outside of any circulation route;
(d) the worktop of a shared refreshment facility (e.g. a shared self service canteen) should be at a level of not more than 850 mm above the floor with a clear knee recess beneath the worktop to least 700 mm above the floor. The water taps should be accessible and either controlled automatically or capable of being operated with a closed fist. Refer to Diagram 28 for typical details;
(e) routes to and from the refreshment facility from accessible seating, and other accessible facilities should also be accessible.
Diagram 28 Provision for a wheelchair user in a typical shared self service canteen
1.5.6 Accessible sleeping accommodation
Where accessible sleeping accommodation is provided:
(a) the entrance door to the guest bedroom, should comply with the guidance in Section 1.3. The minimum effective clear opening width should be 800 mm;
(b) swing doors where provided for built in wardrobes and other storage systems should open through 180°;
(c) handles on hinged and sliding doors should be easy to grip and operate and contrast visually with the surface of the door (refer to 1.6.4);
(d) openable windows and window controls should be located between 800 mm and 1000 mm above the floor and should be easy to operate without using both hands simultaneously;
(e) it should have a visual fire alarm signal, in addition to the provisions for fire detection and alarm systems given in Part B/ TGD B;
(f) a visual indicator should be provided within the accessible bedroom to alert an occupier with a hearing impairment that there is someone at the door;
(g) bedroom numbers should be indicated in embossed characters and at a height of between 1200 mm and 1600 mm (max) above finished floor level;
(h) accessible bedrooms should be located on accessible routes that lead to all other relevant facilities within the building;
(i) the size of accessible bedrooms should allow for a wheelchair user to manoeuvre at the side of a bed and transfer independently to it. An example of a wheelchair accessible bedroom is given in Diagram 29;
(j) en-suite sanitary facilities should comply with 1.4;
(k) wide angle viewers, where provided in the entrance door to an accessible bedroom, should be located at both 1050 mm and 1500 mm above floor level, to enable viewing by people who are seated or standing;
(l) a balcony, where provided, should have a door in compliance with Table 2 and have a level threshold;
(m) there should be no permanent obstructions in a zone 1800 mm back from any balcony door(s) for the full width of the door(s);
(n) an emergency assistance alarm (plus reset button) should be located in the bedroom and activated by a pull cord, sited so that it can be operated both from the bed and from an adjacent floor area. It should be in accordance with 1.5.6 (e);
(o) an emergency assistance call signal outside a bedroom should be located so that it can be easily seen and heard by persons able to give assistance and also at a central control point.
Diagram 29 Example of an accessible bedroom
1.5.7 Switches, outlets and controls Where switches, outlets and controls are provided:
(a) socket outlets should be located between 400 mm and 1200 mm above the floor, with a preference for the lower end of the range. Examples include wall mounted power socket-outlets, telephone points and TV sockets (refer to Diagram 30).
Exceptions may be made where floor sockets are provided in open plan areas and the like, or if skirting or dado trunking is required e.g. for safety reasons. These height requirements apply only to convenience socket-outlets used for general purposes and do not apply to dedicated socket-outlets not readily accessible and used for appliances that are intended to be continuously connected in normal use;
(b) switches for lighting and permanently wired appliances should be located between 400 mm and 1200 mm above the floor, unless needed at a higher level for particular appliances (refer to Diagram 30). The height requirements apply to all control devices, except where the manufacturers instructions specify otherwise;
(c) all switches and controls that require precise hand movements should be located between 750 mm and 1200 mm above the floor, e.g. controls for heating systems (refer to Diagram 30);
(d) simple push button controls that require limited dexterity should be provided and should be located not more than 1200 mm above the floor;
(e) pull cords for emergency alarm systems should be coloured red, located as close to a wall as possible and have two red 50 mm diameter bangles one set at 100 mm and the other set between 800 mm and 1000 mm above the floor;
(f) controls that need close vision, e.g. meters or heating controls should be located between 1200 mm and 1400 mm above the floor so that readings may be taken by a person sitting or standing (with thermostats at the top of the range). This does not apply to electricity meters or distribution/fuse boards;
(g) socket-outlets should be located consistently in relation to doorways and room corners, but in any case no nearer than 350 mm from room corners;
(h) light switches for use by the general public should have large push pads and align horizontally with door handles within the range 900 mm to 1200 mm for ease of location when entering a room;
(i) where switches described in (h) cannot be provided, lighting pull cords should be set between 900 mm and 1200 mm above floor level and fitted with a 50 mm diameter bangle visually contrasting with its background and distinguishable visually from any emergency assistance pull cord (refer to 1.6.4) ;
(j) the operation of switches, socketoutlets and controls should not require the simultaneous use of both ands except where this mode of operation is necessary for safety reasons;
(k) switched socket-outlets should indicate visually whether they are on or off;
(l) mains and circuit isolator switches should clearly indicate whether they are on or off;
(m) controls should visually contrast with their backgrounds to facilitate people with vision impairment locating controls (refer to 1.6.4);
(n) switches on controls e.g. switched sockets should be adequately separated to allow selection of one at a time and avoid the unintended selection of adjacent switches.
Diagram 30 Heights to the centre of socket-outlets, switches and controls
Section 1.6 Aids to communication
1.6.1 Objective
The objective is to provide adequate aids to communication to ensure people can independently access and use a building and its facilities.
1.6.2 Introduction
Signage, visual contrast, lighting and audible aids assist people, especially those people with vision or hearing impairment or people with intellectual disabilities, in accessing a building and fully utilising the relevant facilities in and around a building.
People will benefit most if there is an integrated approach to the design of way finding, public address and hearing enhancements within a building.
In relation to way finding, people use various different strategies and tools to navigate a building. Therefore, to effectively communicate information, directions or instructions to people with a wide range of abilities may require the use of various media. This may result in visual signs, tactile signs and audible aids delivering the same message.
Visual contrast between certain elements also assists in providing spatial information to people with vision impairment and thus facilitates way finding (refer to 1.6.4).
Visual contrast sensitivity is the ability to perceive differences between an object and its background e.g. a handle from the door or the nosing from the rest of the step.
The amount of light a surface reflects is known as the Light Reflectance Value (LRV). The range of LRV is 0 (black) to 100 (white). The larger the difference between the LRV of each surface the greater the visual contrast is and the easier it is for someone with a low visual contrast sensitivity to perceive the difference. BS8300:2009 Annex B provides several methods for measuring LRV and provides guidance on acceptable LRV differences between adjoining surfaces. BS 8493:2008 provides LRV measurements for certain colours (as specified in BS 4800:1989).
Lighting is an important feature of a building and directly affects the buildings accessibility and the use of its facilities. Well designed and installed lighting may be used to support way finding, to identify hazards and to improve communication such as lip reading or signing (refer to 1.6.5).
There are several types of audible aids, including:
(a) Public address systems: These should be coupled with audio frequency induction loops and should be supplemented with visual information;
(b) Audio frequency induction loop systems: These can provide assistance to users of personal hearing aids incorporating an induction pick-up facility (T setting);
(c) Infra red systems: These offer line-of-sight wireless communication to specific personal receiver units;
(d) Radio systems: These offer wireless communication without the need for a clear line-of-sight to receiver units.
Throughout this Technical Guidance Document, guidance is given on the provision of signage, visual contrast and hearing enhancement systems as well as the level of lighting required in certain locations. In all these cases the provisions should be based on the following guidance 1.6.3 to 1.6.6.
For additional information and guidance on the provision, design and use of signage, visual contrast, lighting and hearing enhancement systems, refer to Building for Everyone, BS 8300:2009, Sign Design Guide, See it right Signage and The Accessible Office. Also, BS 4800:1989 and BS 5252:1976 provide colour specifications and co-ordination schemes for use in buildings (Refer to Other standards and publications).
1.6.3 Signage
Where signage is provided in accordance with the provisions in TGD M:
(a) signs should be as clear, short and concise as practicable;
(b) text on signs should not be set entirely in capital letters.
Rationale: When a combination of capital and lower case letters is used, word shape is easier to recognize, making text easier for many people to read;
(c) visual signs should be designed with due consideration given to the height of sign, layout of sign, font size, font type, use of symbols and visual contrast with background, etc. For guidance on these elements of sign design refer to BS 8300:2009;
(d) all key location information, such as sign directories and orientation signs should be visual and in tactile form when low enough to be touched. Tactile signs should be designed using embossed text, symbols and/ or Braille. For guidance on these elements of sign design refer to BS 8300:2009;
(e) the International Symbol for Access should be provided, where necessary, on signs to features and facilities that are accessible such as entrances, routes, sanitary and other facilities;
(f) standard symbols in accordance with BS 8501:2002 should be used to indicate the presence of an induction loop or an infrared hearing enhancement system;
(g) the position of the signage should not create a hazard within a circulation route e.g. signs which require a significant period of time to read should be located where users will not obstruct the passage of other people.
1.6.4 Visual contrast
Where visual contrast is provided:
(a) the difference in the LRV of the surfaces should be 30 points or more when measured in accordance with BS 8300:2009 Annex B or BS 8493:2008. For large areas such as walls and floors a difference in the LRV of 20 points or more is acceptable, provided the illuminance on the surfaces is 200 lux or more.
For door opening furniture, a difference in the LRV of 15 points between the product and its background is acceptable;
(b) the area should be adequately lit in all conditions;
(c) shadows and glare should be avoided e.g. from changing daylight or high gloss surfaces;
(d) large repeating patterns should be avoided in spaces where visual acuity is critical as they will hamper communication for people who are partially sighted and those who lipread or use sign language. This would apply to locations such as reception areas with enquiry desks and speakers rostrums in lecture halls.
1.6.5 Lighting
Where artificial lighting is provided, it should give good colour rendering of all surfaces, and should not create glare or pools of bright light and strong shadows, which poorly located up- lighters may create.
1.6.6 Audible aids
Where audible aids are provided:
(a) the system should enhance sound communicated to the user, whether received directly through a personal hearing aid, through additional equipment supplied as part of the system or other means;
(b) it should preserve the characteristics of the source, whilst suppressing reverberation and extraneous noise and should not be affected by environmental interference such as from lighting or other electrical installations;
(c) the presence and type of hearing enhancement system installed should be indicated with clear signage;
(d) a clearly audible public address system should be supplemented by visual information;
(e) an inductive coupler and additional volume control to adjust amplification should be fitted into the circuitry of all public or visitor payphones, entry phones and emergency phones in lifts;
(f) induction loops should be designed, installed and commissioned to comply with the International Standard IEC 60118-4.
